{"id":6102,"date":"2013-07-07T14:14:14","date_gmt":"2013-07-07T14:14:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/?p=6102"},"modified":"2014-12-02T08:26:59","modified_gmt":"2014-12-02T08:26:59","slug":"schooltutoring-reviews-basics-of-heredity","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/schooltutoring-reviews-basics-of-heredity\/","title":{"rendered":"SchoolTutoring Reviews: Basics of Heredity"},"content":{"rendered":"

Overview:\u00a0 What Were Mendel’s Experiments?<\/strong>
\nMendel conducted \u00a0experiments with simple garden pea plants in order to study plant breeding.\u00a0 His experiments were so successful because the plants grew quickly and self-pollinated, ensuring that traits would “breed true” and appear rapidly in successive generations. He kept careful and systematic records, and studied traits that had obvious contrasts.\u00a0 \u00a0The results formed the basics of \u00a0heredity.<\/p>\n

Seven Contrasting Traits<\/strong>
\nMendel chose to study a limited number of traits that were either expressed one way or its opposite.\u00a0 The seeds themselves were either round or wrinkled, yellow or green; their coating, colored or white; and \u00a0the pods, inflated or constricted, green or yellow. The flowers on the pea plants were either in the middle of the stem or at the end of the stem; and the stem length of the entire plant was either tall or short.\u00a0 He studied individual traits systematically to see how they varied in each of three generations.<\/p>\n

Types and Genes<\/strong>
\nPea plants self-pollinate, so that generations are identical.\u00a0 Tall plants will produce more tall plants; yellow-seeded plants will produce more yellow-seeded plants; and so on.\u00a0 Mendel crossbred plants with contrasting traits by carefully pollinating a tall parent plant with pollen from a short plant.\u00a0 In the first generation (F1<\/sub>), however, all the plants were tall.\u00a0 In the second generation (F2<\/sub>), three-fourth of the plants were tall, but one-fourth were short.\u00a0 Mendel called the traits “factors”, and they are now called “genes”.<\/p>\n

Dominance<\/strong>
\nIn each of the seven pairs of traits that Mendel examined, one trait appeared in the first generation, but its opposite did not appear until the second generation.\u00a0 For example, suppose a plant with green pods was pollinated by a plant with yellow pods.\u00a0 In the first generation, all plants would have green pods.\u00a0 Not until the second generation would one-fourth of the plants have yellow pods.\u00a0 Mendel believed that the dominant trait prevented its opposite from appearing in some way.<\/p>\n

Segregation and Independent Assortment<\/strong>
\nMendel showed in his experiments that the members of each pair of genes separated when gametes formed, so that the offspring\u00a0 would carry traits that were expressed in one generation, but hidden in the next.\u00a0 He also proposed that traits such as roundness, color, and all the rest were separate from one another in the principle of independent assortment.\u00a0 One plant could have green pods and round seeds, while another could have green pods and wrinkled seeds.\u00a0 Similarly, another could have yellow pods and round seeds, or yellow pods and wrinkled seeds.<\/p>\n

Cell Theory and Heredity<\/strong>
\nMany of Mendel’s ideas were not accepted until after other biological discoveries were made.\u00a0 For example, chromosomes had not yet been discovered.\u00a0 The process of meiosis, which explains the principle of segregation, was observed thirty years after his experiments were finished.\u00a0 The principle of independent assortment was formed, because Mendel chose traits to study that were on separate chromosomes that would vary independently.<\/p>\n

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Overview:\u00a0 What Were Mendel’s Experiments? Mendel conducted \u00a0experiments with simple garden pea plants in order to study plant breeding.\u00a0 His experiments were so successful because the plants grew quickly and self-pollinated, ensuring that traits would “breed true” and appear rapidly in successive generations. He kept careful and systematic records, and studied traits that had obvious […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[541,727,768,929,1107,1604],"class_list":["post-6102","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-dominance","tag-genes","tag-heredity","tag-independent-assortment","tag-mendel","tag-segregation"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6102","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6102"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6102\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6102"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6102"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/help\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6102"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}