{"id":5691,"date":"2013-04-10T17:29:47","date_gmt":"2013-04-10T17:29:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/?p=5691"},"modified":"2014-12-02T08:27:03","modified_gmt":"2014-12-02T08:27:03","slug":"biology-rare-blood-types-and-genetics","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/2013\/04\/10\/biology-rare-blood-types-and-genetics\/","title":{"rendered":"Biology: Rare Blood Types and Genetics"},"content":{"rendered":"

Overview:\u00a0 What Are Blood Types?<\/strong>
\nOne of the most common experiments in biology class is for students to find their blood types from a drop of their own blood.\u00a0 However, there are many other factors that can be found in blood besides those that cause the ABO blood groups and the RH blood groups.\u00a0 Some of these rare types of blood are only found in a very few people around the world, yet they can cause problems during transfusions and organ transplants.<\/p>\n

A Review of Common Blood Groups<\/strong>
\nAntigens that are found on the surface of red blood cells determine the blood groups.\u00a0 They are inherited, and the alleles that cause them are very closely linked.\u00a0 The A blood group has the A antigen, the B blood group has the B antigen, the AB blood group has both types, and the O group has neither.\u00a0 The RH factor is either positive or negative.\u00a0 How it works in terms of transfusions is that someone with O negative blood can donate to all blood groups, but can only receive blood from other O negative.\u00a0 People with AB blood can receive blood from any blood group, but they cannot donate to either Type A or Type B because their blood has antibodies against both A and B.\u00a0 People with Type A blood can only receive blood from A and O, but can donate to A and AB, and Type B can only receive blood from B and O, \u00a0but can donate to A and AB.\u00a0 Part of the experiment with typing blood groups is to see how mixing incompatible blood types causes the red blood cells to clump and clot.<\/p>\n

What Substances Carry Antigens on Red Blood Cells?<\/strong>
\nSome of the substances in red blood cells that carry the antigens are over 30 different types of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.\u00a0 The patterns are genetic, and come from both parents.\u00a0 Some of the most recent discoveries of the types of substances and antigens are because very close cross-matching of blood types are necessary for successful blood transfusions and organ transplants. \u00a0The Duffy antigen carries resistance to malaria.\u00a0 Although it is relatively rare, it causes blood incompatibility disease in populations that carry the antigen.<\/p>\n

Blood Research Discovers New Proteins<\/strong>
\nUntil very recently, it was a mystery what proteins caused the rare blood types.\u00a0 Two new specialized proteins were isolated by a mass spectrometer.\u00a0 Those proteins have a bonus, because they may support new treatments for cancer, and help facilitate organ transplants.\u00a0 When the gene sequences in the blood for people who carry the rate blood types were isolated everyone had the same mutation.<\/p>\n

New Research for Other Antibodies<\/strong>
\nSome of the blood proteins are very rare indeed.\u00a0 There is one rare blood type that causes the people that don’t have one protein on their red blood cells to reject almost all transfused blood.\u00a0 It is only found in 1 in 2500 people in Europe and the United States.\u00a0 It is caused by one small chunk of DNA that is missing, and was isolated using the mass spectrometer.<\/p>\n

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Overview:\u00a0 What Are Blood Types? One of the most common experiments in biology class is for students to find their blood types from a drop of their own blood.\u00a0 However, there are many other factors that can be found in blood besides those that cause the ABO blood groups and the RH blood groups.\u00a0 Some […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[29,201,1437,1546,1842],"class_list":["post-5691","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biology","tag-abo","tag-blood-types","tag-proteins","tag-rh","tag-transfusions"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5691","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5691"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5691\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5691"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5691"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5691"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}