{"id":5701,"date":"2013-04-12T13:11:34","date_gmt":"2013-04-12T13:11:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/?p=5701"},"modified":"2014-12-02T08:27:03","modified_gmt":"2014-12-02T08:27:03","slug":"an-earth-science-review-earthquakes-water-and-magma","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/2013\/04\/12\/an-earth-science-review-earthquakes-water-and-magma\/","title":{"rendered":"An Earth Science Review: Earthquakes, Water, and Magma"},"content":{"rendered":"

Overview:\u00a0 Tectonic Plates<\/strong>
\nThe earth’s crust and upper mantle are not an even surface, but are made up of plates with irregular boundaries, called tectonic plates, that move and shift underneath the ocean and along the continents.\u00a0 Most of the time those plates move smoothly past each other and do not cause a problem.\u00a0 When irregularities along fault lines lock the plates, pressure builds up until energy is \u00a0released in the form of seismic waves.\u00a0 Those sudden seismic waves result in an earthquake.<\/p>\n

Measurement of Earthquakes<\/strong>
\nEarthquakes are measured by the Richter scale, as well as the moment-magnitude scale.\u00a0 It is a logarithmic base-10 scale of the ratio of waves measured by a seismometer.\u00a0 This means that every level is 10 times greater than the one before.\u00a0 For example, people usually do not feel earthquakes until they are at a level 3, but at Level 4, people notice shaking objects inside. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake was probably at a Level 8. If earthquakes are large enough, they can be recorded all over the world, because seismic waves travel through the earth.<\/p>\n

Volcanoes and Earthquakes<\/strong>
\nThe movement of magma in volcanoes also can cause earthquakes, especially just before an eruption.\u00a0 For example, hundreds of earthquakes were measured before the Mt. St. Helens eruption in Washington State in 1980.\u00a0 \u00a0Clusters of earthquakes around a volcano alert geologists that an eruption might be imminent.<\/p>\n

The Role of Water in Earthquakes<\/strong>
\nOne of the largest fault zones in the world is the San Andreas Fault, located in California.\u00a0 It is famous for high geologic instability.\u00a0 In 2011, geologists measured how electricity was conducted by the types of rock found there.\u00a0 They were able to conclude that rocks found deep within the earth had high water content.\u00a0 The fluids trapped within rocks underneath the San Andreas Fault allow the plates to move more easily.\u00a0 When they get locked and stuck, then earthquakes happen.<\/p>\n

The Role of Magma in Earthquakes<\/strong>
\nGeologists\u00a0 formed an hypothesis that the tectonic plates slid over one another, but they didn’t have direct evidence until very recently.\u00a0 In March, 2013, geologists actually found a layer of magma by measurements taken from a deep trench in the seafloor.\u00a0 They were able to discover an area of molten rock when they were mapping the crust and mantle.\u00a0 The electromagnetic measurements suggested molten rock rather than dissolved water causing the liquid movement.<\/p>\n

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 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Overview:\u00a0 Tectonic Plates The earth’s crust and upper mantle are not an even surface, but are made up of plates with irregular boundaries, called tectonic plates, that move and shift underneath the ocean and along the continents.\u00a0 Most of the time those plates move smoothly past each other and do not cause a problem.\u00a0 When […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":22,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[548,1070,1548,1813],"class_list":["post-5701","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-earth-sciences","tag-earhquakes","tag-magma","tag-richter-scale","tag-tectonic-plates"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5701","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/22"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5701"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5701\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5701"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5701"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5701"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}