{"id":833,"date":"2012-02-20T16:46:13","date_gmt":"2012-02-20T16:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/?p=833"},"modified":"2014-12-02T08:33:48","modified_gmt":"2014-12-02T08:33:48","slug":"acids-and-bases","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/2012\/02\/20\/acids-and-bases\/","title":{"rendered":"Acids and Bases"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>By the definition of Svante Arrhenius, an acid is a material that can release a proton or hydrogen ion (H<strong><\/strong><strong><sup>+<\/sup><\/strong>). Hydrogen chloride in water solution ionizes and becomes hydrogen ions and chloride ions.<\/p>\n<p>HCl &#8211;&gt; H<sup>+<\/sup> + Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>A base, or alkali, is a material that can donate a hydroxide ion (OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>). Sodium hydroxide in water solution becomes sodium ions and hydroxide ions.<\/p>\n<p>NaOH &#8211;&gt; Na<sup>+<\/sup> + OH<sup>&#8211;<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>By the definition of both Thomas Lowry and J.N. Br\u00f8nsted working independently in 1923, an acid is a material that donates a proton and a base is a material that can accept a proton. The Arrhenius definition serves well for a limited use. The Lowry- Br\u00f8nsted definition is broader, including some ideas that might not initially seem to be acid and base types of interaction. Every ion dissociation that involves a hydrogen or hydroxide ion could be considered an acid- base reaction. The G.N. Lewis (1923) idea of acids and bases is broader than the Lowry &#8211; Br\u00f8nsted model. The Lewis definitions are: Acids are electron pair acceptors and bases are electron pair donors.<\/p>\n<p>We encounter acids and bases both in chemistry and in everyday living. They have opposite properties and have the ability to neutralize (cancel) each other. Acids and bases are regulated in the body by the lungs, blood, and kidneys through equilibrium processes.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Properties:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Acids<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>taste sour<\/li>\n<li>react with compounds containing CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup> and form carbon dioxide and water<\/li>\n<li>turn litmus red<\/li>\n<li>Acids corrode active metals<\/li>\n<li>react with zinc, magnesium, or aluminum and form hydrogen (H<sub>2(g)<\/sub>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">Bases<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>taste bitter<\/li>\n<li>feel soapy or slippery<\/li>\n<li>\u00a0\u00a0turn litmus blue<\/li>\n<li>they react with most cations to precipitate hydroxides<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>pH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Scientists use <strong>pH scale<\/strong> to measure how acidic or basic a liquid is. The acidic or basic degree of substances is measured in <em>pH<\/em> units. The scale used spans from 0 to 14. Substances with pH lower than 7 are considered acids, those with pH equal to 7 are considered neutral, and those with pH higher than 7 are considered bases. Substances with low pH (0-4) are very acidic, while those with high pH (10-14) are highly basic.<\/p>\n<p>SchoolTutoring Academy is the premier educational services company for K-12 and college students. We offer tutoring programs for students in K-12, AP classes, and college. To learn more about how we help parents and students in Barrie visit: <a href=\"..\/..\/tutoring-in-barrie\/\">Tutoring in Barrie<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By the definition of Svante Arrhenius, an acid is a material that can release a proton or hydrogen ion (H+). Hydrogen chloride in water solution ionizes and becomes hydrogen ions and chloride ions. HCl &#8211;&gt; H+ + Cl&#8211; A base, or alkali, is a material that can donate a hydroxide ion (OH&#8211;). Sodium hydroxide in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":19,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[35,1418,1419],"class_list":["post-833","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-chemistry","tag-acidsandbases","tag-propertiesofacids","tag-propertiesofbases"],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/833","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/19"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=833"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/833\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=833"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=833"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/schooltutoring.com\/scholarship\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=833"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}