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Science Review of the Main Sequence, Red Giants, and Supergiants 150 150 Deborah

Science Review of the Main Sequence, Red Giants, and Supergiants

Overview According to theories of stellar evolution, most stars spend most of the time converting hydrogen to helium in various nuclear processes. After the supply of hydrogen is exhausted in the stellar core, most stars begin using helium for nuclear fuel. The largest stars use helium as well as other elements for nuclear fusion. The Main…

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Science Review of Stellar Structure and Nuclear Reactions inside Stars 150 150 Deborah

Science Review of Stellar Structure and Nuclear Reactions inside Stars

Overview The nuclear energy that powers stars depends upon the core temperature and the available fuel. During the main-sequence phase for most stars, nuclear fusion of 4 hydrogen atoms to form 2 helium atoms provides the most energy. Other types of fusion reactions occur in stars with higher core temperatures and when hydrogen fuel is…

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Science Review of White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes 150 150 Deborah

Science Review of White Dwarfs, Neutron Stars, and Black Holes

Overview When hydrogen fuel is exhausted within a stellar core, rapid changes take place within the star depending upon its mass and temperature. Some of these nuclear reactions result in a stellar explosion and collapse. As all nuclear fuel is exhausted, matter is compressed into white dwarfs, black holes, and other cosmic variations. Structure of…

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Application of Binary Math to Computers 150 150 Deborah

Application of Binary Math to Computers

Overview The binary (Base 2) system is based upon powers of 2. It has many applications to situations that have only two alternatives, such as off and on, 0 and 1, yes and no. Electronics, computers, and computer-based hardware such as cell phones and satellites use the binary system. Switching The binary system was adapted…

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Science Introduction to the Life Cycle of Stars 150 150 Deborah

Science Introduction to the Life Cycle of Stars

Overview Stellar evolution is the theory of the life cycle of stars. Scientists observe many different stars at various stages, starting with the earliest condensations from clouds of nebular gas and dust. Once the temperature is high enough in a star’s core, hydrogen atoms begin nuclear fusion to helium. Eventually, hydrogen is depleted in the…

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Science Review of the Supernova 150 150 Deborah

Science Review of the Supernova

Overview A supernova (plural supernovae) occurs when a star over twice the mass of the sun explodes. It is theorized to occur near the end of the huge star’s life, before the star collapses into a black hole. According to astrophysicists, chemical elements that were heavier than hydrogen and helium were formed in nuclear reactions…

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Math Review of More Fun with Tau 150 150 Deborah

Math Review of More Fun with Tau

Overview The quantity represented by the Greek letter tau (6.283185…) is the proportion of the circumference of a circle to its radius. The use of tau simplifies the relationships between angles and circles. These relationships underlie other branches of mathematics and applications to science. Special Angles and Tau The relationship of tau and the circle is…

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Math Review of Pi and Tau 150 150 Deborah

Math Review of Pi and Tau

Overview The number represented by the Greek letter pi (3.14159…) is one of the most famous irrational numbers in mathematics. It is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. The number represented by the Greek letter tau (6.283185…) is the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its radius. It…

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Biology Review of Life in a Coral Reef 150 150 Deborah

Biology Review of Life in a Coral Reef

Overview Coral reef environments are among the most biologically diverse and productive marine habitats of the ocean ecosystem. The plants and animals live in balance and mutual dependence with one another. However, these fragile environments are at risk by predators and destruction. The Coral Reef Environment Coral reefs exist in warm, tropical, shallow salt water,…

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Biology Review of Plankton 150 150 Deborah

Biology Review of Plankton

Overview Plankton include many organisms that live on near the surface of water, and float with the currents. There are types of freshwater plankton that live in lakes, while saltwater plankton live in oceans and saltwater lakes. They are at the bottom of the food chain, and are a rich source of nutrients for many…

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